Thursday, August 06, 2009

Ahmadinejad’s Inauguration Does not Spell End for Opposition

On Wednesday, Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Hoseyni Khamenei planted his imprimatur on Mahmoud Achmadinejad’s second four-year term as President of Iran. The inauguration seals the results of last month’s disputed election, in which Interior Ministry vote counters credited some 63 percent of the 40 million votes cast for the hard line leader, even as reform candidates cried foul, igniting bitter protests throughout the country.

While those working to avert the solidification of Ahmadinejad’s position atop the Republic-half of the Islamic Republic have lost a battle, this setback has hardly stolen the wind from their sails. Although primary opposition candidate and unintentional political lightning rod Mir-Hossein Mousavi has slowly ramped up his open involvement in post-election rallying, others now carry the torch of resistance. Chief among them is Ayatollah Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, a leading religious and political figure, considered by many to be the second most powerful man in the country behind only the Supreme Leader himself.

Rafsanjani delivered a recent sermon at the weekly Friday prayer ceremony at Tehran University, using the pulpit to demand that “the government release those arrested in recent weeks, ease restrictions on the media and eradicate the “doubt” the Iranian people have about the election result” according to a New York Times summary of the event. Having allies, and now leaders, so far up the political ladder (Rafsanjani is also a former president) can only aid the opposition in its continuing struggle, especially as Ahmadinejad fills his cabinet with allies, further galvanizing his own power.

In reaction to the inauguration, thousands marched through the streets of Tehran in protest, and a number of important figures, Rafsanjani, Mousavi, and former President Mohammad Khatami, were noticeably absent at the event.

Saturday, June 13, 2009

Why Does Obama Remain Silent?

Following what was reported as a landslide victory for Mahmoud Achmadinejad in Friday’s presidential election in Iran, accusations of fraud at the Ministry of the Interior (Achmadinejad’s own purview) in vote counting and reporting are running rampant, both from within the country and from international observers. With the skirt of Iranian democratic rule caught in a gust of wind, revealing the hairy, autocratic legs of the regime, the people of Iran are making their presence felt, if not at the ballot box then in the streets.

But with democracy fighting for its life in the most powerful country in the Middle East, the Obama administration has gone curiously silent since his “robust debate” comments from Friday, neglecting to offer a word of encouragement to bolster confidence of Mir-Hossein Mousavi’s Green Revolution (the name given to those who’ve taken to the streets, wearing his campaign color, disputing the legitimacy of the results).

Promotion of the enfranchisement of the everyman is supposed to be a principal tenet of US foreign policy, so where are we now when democracy needs a boost? It would seem that the administration is hedging its bets. While they are no doubt thrilled to see Achmadinejad’s national mandate take a black eye in the form of strong protests, it remains the most likely scenario that the current government will beat back the protests and remain in power, even if it means staging their own Tiananmen Square-style crackdown. If Obama were to voice support for the protestors and thus against Achmadinejad’s government, it would make for a much more difficult road toward the negotiation table, which is another principal initiative being pursued by the Obma administration. So for now, it seems the best option to keep quiet and see how things develop.

Why not pursue a secret campaign to aid the protestors? Unfortunately after thirty years of diplomatic silence between the two nations, US inroads into Iranian social and political power structures are dreadfully undeveloped, meaning that simply getting in touch with the right people would be a difficult prospect, much less pushing an agenda or offering aid. That being the case, and with the Revolutionary Guard and Iranian police locking down most forms of popular communication (Facebook and text messaging were first to go, then went the internet in general and wide-sweeping power cuts), it seems that logistically it would be next to impossible. The risk remains a limiting factor as well; if the protests are indeed subdued and fail to bring down Achmadinejad, and the US’ secret role was publicized, it would set relations back to near 1979 levels.

In the mean time, all we can do from abroad is to keep watching. I am following the events as best I can, and given the US media’s maniacal interest focus on blithe domestic events of the day, like the engrossing feud between Sarah Palin and David Letterman, we’re left to find our own information sources for stories that actually matter. Enter Twitter: the best place for up-to-the-minute news. You can find constant updates under the #IranElection hashtag, or from a number of individual Iraninan Twitterers.

Update: Here’s a heroic report from the BBC in Tehran. Watch as the crowd turns on a secret policeman who tries to get the reporter to stop from filming. There are also some great shots of the crowd surging against the police. The clip ends with a short comment from Secretary of State Hillary Clinton speaking from Canada about “monitoring the situation.”

Update 2: Rumors are that the BBC reporter has been arrested. Also, all foreign reporters have been ordered to leave the country. Also, the Independent’s Robert Fisk provides a graphic, first-hand description of the protests from Tehran.

Update 3: Former US National Security Council member Gary Sick advocates a hands off approach by the Obama administration, so Mousavi supporters don't appear to be "tools of the West."

Can Obama really bring peace to the Middle East?

For those who have until now been stuck under particularly weighty rocks, President Obama delivered a speech last Thursday from Cairo University with the intent of addressing the perceived rift between the United States and the Islamic world.

Video of the entire speech is available on YouTube, courtesy of the White House’s newly invigorated Web 2.0 information campaign. Coincidentally, the hour-long address was also made available live worldwide via SMS text message. Hopefully anyone who signed up has an unlimited plan.

Obama’s discussion of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict served as the evening’s sole surprise. In a departure from previous U.S. policy, the president made clear a call for the absolute cessation of expansion of Jewish settlements in the West Bank, signaling a cooling in relations between the U.S. and Israel. While this particular conflict is only one of seven issues which Obama highlighted as comprising the wedge that exists between Islam and the U.S., it may be the most injurious, especially among the Arab contingent of the Muslim world.

Hearing the same words from George W. Bush would have been cause for a great deal of eye-rolling and nose-thumbing. However, Obama has been given a carte blanch among Muslims thanks to his tenable connection to their religion, having been born a Muslim to a father of the faith, and partially raised in Indonesia, a Muslim-majority country. And while skepticism about the true aim of U.S. initiatives remains, Obama now does indeed have the ear of Muslim peoples around the globe, having voiced a deep respect for their history and culture, and honoring them by appearing in person in Cairo to address them.

Why should it matter if Obama gains the support of Muslim populations around the globe? It means that Arab leaders can work with the U.S. on key global issues without angering their constituents and losing popular support, and it defuses the vitriolic arguments of anti-U.S. extremists around the globe.

Most importantly, it means that key U.S. foreign policy goals like amelioration in the Israel-Palestine conflict become much more achievable. How? It allows the U.S. to reposition itself not as a global hegemon with a myopic interest in backing Israel, but as an even-handed third party, to whom giving a little at the negotiating table won’t mean kicking the hornets’ nest back home for Arab leaders.

This raises another question: Are the U.S. and Israel really at loggerheads over the issue of West Bank settlements, or is the apparent cooling in their relationship a coordinated effort to defuse Arab anger and move the peace process forward? That seems unlikely, given Netenyahu’s position as head of the hard-line Likud Party, which took over Israel’s government by a thin majority last month. Given the fact that the resulting government has a rather weak mandate, it would be difficult to make grand departures from party platform, unless he does so at proverbial gunpoint, i.e., in the event that his country’s principal patron, the U.S., makes hard demands. Netenyahu is due to give a major foreign policy related speech this coming Sunday, so watch that for developments in the situation.

As for how far Obama’s speech will go toward turning Muslim opinion for the U.S., it depends on two factors: how well the State Department is able to promote U.S. interests among Muslim populations, and how much Obama’s political clout can actually get him among the Arab nations.

So far, most reactions are along the lines of “I’ll believe it when I see it.” I feel the same way.

Thursday, May 14, 2009

8 Ways to Get the Most Out of Backpack Travel

Backpackers are a different breed; that much we know. But there’s more to these creatures of the road than unkempt beards and odoriferous undergarments. Indeed, there’s an actionable urge to shed the comfort of one’s home, shove off from shore, and plunge knowingly into the maelstrom of confusion that is a foreign country experienced on the cheap. It is the acknowledgment and acceptance of that confusion that sets the backpacker’s experience apart from that of the vacationer. It’s the recognition of confusion as a healthy challenge to the mind, rather than a nuisance, that forces one to grow, learn, and make fast sense of one’s surroundings or be lost. People who travel by backpack end up more independent, more insightful, more knowledgeable simply because they are the type of people who are willing to accept a bit of hardship, knowing they’ll come out on the other end a better person.

I’ve been lucky enough to backpack through South America, much of Europe, India, Morocco, and Israel, and while I’m not nearly as traveled as many of the people I’ve met along the trail, I have accrued some experience that will be helpful to those setting out for their first time.

This guide is not meant to take the place of other, more pragmatic backpacking guides that offer advice like how/why to hide money on your person, or how to go about registering with your country’s embassy in every new country you visit or how to detach piranhas from your body parts. For a comprehensive guide in that spirit, see World Backpackers’ web site. This guide is about how to conduct yourself in order to take the most back from your travel experience.

1. Inform yourself. Read a bit about the country and its culture before you go. Often times, having read a book or two (novels especially) about the country or culture before you go will help you to make sense of what it is you are seeing, as you are seeing it. Plus, you’ll probably be better off knowing beforehand if the showing the bottom of your foot is the equivalent of offering your donkey in marriage to someone’s daughter.

For a guide on how to do practical trip-related research before you go, see the New York Times’ Frugal Traveler’s recent blog post on pre-trip research.

2. Walk. Shun the bus, the metro, the subway, etc… walk from point A to point B and you’ll learn so much more about a city than you’ll be able to through a bus window or through the whack-a-mole familiarity that the subway/metro grants. Choosing to walk means you’ll happen upon unique shops, parks, and people living their real lives, as opposed to the faux-authentic “locals” that congregate near tourist sites to attract the attention of tourists. Instead, you’ll meet people who aren’t just looking for another tourist to rip off, and who are willing to actually engage in conversation and real cultural exchange. Plus, you’ll get a bit of exercise (always important, especially if you’re on the Travelers’ Diet- bread and cheese) and most likely find some interesting things that’s are not on the “Top 10 Things to See In ______” list, but that will give you a far better picture of the local culture than any ancient ruin or museum. And when you’re lucky enough to get lost, just ask someone for directions. Hopefully they’ll be benevolent enough (and speak enough of your language) to send you in the direction of home, and if not you’ll be off on another adventure, and have an even better story to tell when you get home.

3. Interact. Travel is about interaction. Specifically, that’s interaction with people whose perspectives have arisen from an experience of the world different from your own. This is what one should strive for when we find ourselves a stranger in a strange land. It is why do what we do, and it’s something that took me a while to understand when I first traveled. Too often I was “too tired” for one more experience or excursion, and instead of challenging myself, I would relax or sleep. Travel is not a vacation; you aren’t there to relax. The amount of growth you experience as a result of time abroad is directly correlated to your ability to keep yourself off your own rump and out among the culture exploring. On that note, local populations will always be mesmerized by your presence. They’ll see you as foreign, strange, (probably) rich, exotic, interesting etc... So say hi, try to speak to them in their own language; they’ll appreciate it and they’ll be inclined to try to their luck with your language. Even if you can’t get a single word across the one another, it’s the mutual attempt to understand that matters most.

4. Explore. If it ever comes down to it, turn the next corner, poke your head into the forbidding shop, and just see what there it to see. For me, the most interesting experiences often arise from completely unexpected circumstances, and you open yourself up to having these sorts of experiences when you wander and let your curiosity take control. Instead of wondering what might be going on behind that curtain, or inside that door, take a peek.

5. Take chances. Often times the experiences you have as a result are difficult in the moment, but by no coincidence they’re also the ones that a) challenge you to rise to the occasion and prove your wherewithal to yourself and your companions and b) make the best stories later on. So go ahead, try the street food; what’s the worst that can happen? You lose a little weight in the restroom later. What’s the best that can happen? You discover a delicious and cheap snack that can save you a lot of money and time during your trip. Plus you get to tell everyone back home how much you loved integrating yourself with the local culture by eating the food the locals eat. Don’t waste the opportunity of being abroad in places you know; McDonald’s, for example, might have a unique menu for every country in the world, but whatever they offer will still be a diluted imitation of real local fare. Find the restaurants where the locals eat, and eat there. And remember: taking chances is not limited to food, it’s also about how willing you are to submit to the demons (angels?) of curiosity.

6. Smile. Body language says everything when you can’t communicate with language. A wide smile is an amazing tool for a traveler; it opens hearts like keys open doors. People will be far more likely to want to interact with you when you’re wearing a smile.

7. Disconnect. Don’t spend too much time emailing people back home while you’re on the road. Of course you are going to miss your family and/or significant other, and they’re going to want to know about every single thing you’re doing. But remember the opportunity cost of spending time in front of the computer; every second you use writing emails back home is one second you could be out exploring a city or getting lost in a market. So send quick updates so your loved ones know you’re safe, and maybe describe one or two things you’re doing, but focus on spending as little time as possible connecting with your local environs. They are what you’ve come to see and understand, and you’ll miss that opportunity to constantly learn when you go back home and realize that it’s (probably) the same as it always was and will always be.

8. Number eight is not a recommendation but a call for suggestions. What do you do when you travel to connect with your environment?

Monday, December 29, 2008

Is India Really Ready to get Tough on Terror?

More than a month has passed since the world stood still, watching as a small yet heavily-armed gang of terrorists took hold of India’s financial capital, fighting off Indian security forces and holding dozens of hostages for three days straight.

Only now are the city and its residents beginning the slow march down the road to normalcy, a process symbolized by the recent reopening of the Taj Mahal hotel, long a habitat of the city’s local nobility and foreign dignitary population, and home to 31 of the roughly 170 killings (exact counts differ depending on source).

As Mumbaikers gain distance on the events, and the accompanying perspective, the question of how this could have happened rises to the forefront of public debate, both from within India and among the international community.

But to anyone familiar with India’s recent history of terrorism and endemic lax attitude toward security, the attack, while still shocking in its magnitude, comes as no surprise in and of itself.

According to The Times of India, India has suffered 19 major terror attacks in the past six years, resulting in more than 900 deaths. What is particularly noteworthy is the apparent acceleration of scope and frequency during 2008, with 11 attacks and 400 deaths coming this year alone.

Officials have had every reason to bolster security measures, yet none of the gumption to actually do so, choosing instead to continue resting on their laurels and living under the misbegotten delusion that their jobs and the lives of their friends would be safe as long as the terrorists continued to perpetrate their attacks upon the simple folk who would be found on public transit, in open markets, and at major temples, which have been by and large the setting for the most of recent attacks.

Of course, now that the worst has happened, those same officials are either jobless or scrambling to overhaul security and intelligence plans. The proposed changes will supposedly revamp India’s feeble security infrastructure, and represent a u-turn in security philosophy. Instead of waiting to clean up the next disaster, India is finally going to get tough on terror.

But before we applaud India’s newfound commitment to locking down the terrorists, let’s remember that it was barely two and a half years ago, on July 11th 2006, when 209 people perished in a terrorist attack on Mumbai’s subway network. The attack was followed by similar promises to get tough on terror, and the more recent Mumbai attack is evidence of just how serious those promises were. If that doesn’t underscore the dubious nature of the Indian bureaucracy’s new-found resolve to move its 800-pound gorilla mass and buttress security, then I’ve got a bridge to sell you.

Still, there is a unique confluence of factors that may prove to be potent enough to inspire real practical improvement this time.

Firstly, the world-wide live media coverage and resulting scrutiny of Indian law enforcement’s anemic response to the crisis has caused the Indian government significant embarrassment thanks to its inability to provide safety for its citizens.

Secondly, due to the attack’s focus on foreigners, the foundations have been laid for a colossal slow-down in one of India’s principal industries: tourism. Indian politicians and their constituent understand Dollar (or Rupee) signs, and according to Vijay Thakur, President of the Indian Association of Tour Operators, the number of foreign tourists coming to India has already taken a 15 to 20 percent hit since the Mumbai attacks.

Finally, for the first time India’s urban elite class has been directly and exclusively targeted by terrorism, granting the attack something of a more personal connection for policy-makers, the majority of whom are of the same high caste as many of the victims.

These factors set these attacks apart from previous ones, and naturally the next question is what ought to be done?

There are three fronts that need to be addressed: Internal, border, and external.

1. Internal: Create basic internal security procedures and increase police salaries

This dual solution addresses a dual-pronged problem within the country, as India still harbors a number of home-grown terror threats such as Indian Mujahideen, which claimed responsibility for the September 2008 serial bombings in New Delhi.

Within India, potential security threats are numerous. Check points in train stations are often comprised of a simple wooden frame meant to simulate a metal detector, or more commonly, nothing at all. A sham of security does no one any good.

In their haste to prepare for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the city of New Delhi is expanding the reach of its metro subway system throughout South Delhi and to the neighboring business districts of Gurgaon and Noida. To save money and time, most of the new track is being laid above ground, raised twenty feet above the streets by thousands of sequential concrete columns, each an obvious target for a highly visible terrorist action.

At national monuments like the Taj Mahal, strict metal detector and wand searches are enforced, but at an equally major attraction like the Golden Temple, a precarious 30 miles from the Pakistan border, visitors are subjected to a mere eyeball exam under the gaze of a volunteer staff of religious guards armed with spears and knives.

In the case of the Mumbai assault, the security camera video of the two police at Chhatrapati Shivaji Train Station fighting a pair of terrorists with only one rifle between the two of them will forever stand as testament to how woefully unprepared Indian security forces were for the attacks.

Where do police salaries come in?

Common opinion dictates that many Indian police constables are motivated more by the potential to receive bribes than the actual application of the law.

That’s not to say there aren’t police with scruples, but on a salary of 8,000 Rupees a month (the average starting salary for a police officer in New Delhi), the rough equivalent of being paid in peanuts here in the States, scruples become subjective.

Bribery and corruption are endemic to Indian society, and a thorough exploration of their implications is a bag of worms for another day. In terms of terrorism and security challenges, the concern would be that if the police can be counted on to look the other way for a traffic violation in exchange for a few hundred Rupees, what more can they be expected to let pass? (Web comic Fly You Fools is written and edited by an Indian humorist).

Augmenting police salaries won’t turn the bad apples good, but it would serve to increase the size of the applicant pool for police positions, and therein the quality of candidates, while simultaneously lessening the economic need for officers to seek and accept bribes.

2. Border: Step up patrols

Indian officials are already lining up to declare their support for this initiative, as the irony sinks in that the perpetrators of last month’s attack gained access to the city by rubber dinghy.

Home Minister P. Chidambaram, India’s top law enforcement officer, was quoted in the Washington Post with the following statement.

“Among a slew of security measures, India will create a Coastal Command to secure 4,650 miles of shoreline, set up 20 counter-terror schools, raise regional commando units, strengthen anti-terror laws and set up a national agency to investigate suspected terror activity. “

On the surface it looks like an air-tight solution to India’s terror problem. More guns, more troops, more intelligence, etc… But in reality it’s a lot like drawing up a wish list of free agents your basketball team would pick up in a salary-cap free world. Simply put, where will the money come from? It’s not as if India has piles of Rupees in some back room, and has been waiting for a situation grave enough to merit opening the flood gates.

No, this is a country whose 300 million poor (fully ¼ of the population) live fathoms below the international poverty line, whose streets are a hodgepodge of potholes and gaping crevices, whose heavily-used passenger trains are 20 years past their last legs, whose tap water is one-way ticket on the express train to dysentery, whose public healthcare system is a shambles, and whose power grid suffers multiple daily indefinite blackouts. In short, if there are extra funds out there, it’s not for lack of necessity. (Linked study is made available by the United Nations Development Program).

The intent here is not to claim that the money for the new security initiatives ought to be put to use to resolve these pressing social issues, but instead that if there is a large enough surplus in the security budget (whether it comes from the elimination of wasteful programs or unspent funds) to account for the creation of these new security apparatuses, why hasn’t that money been reapportioned previously in efforts to alleviate the problems that afflict millions upon millions of Indians every day? And “anticipation of such a calamitous event” doesn’t quite cut it.

So once again, from which money tree does the government plan to shake the funds? Can they count on the urban elite to put together charity drives to buy not just Kevlar vests for city police, but also the patrol boats and high-tech surveillance equipment? Will the rampant tax evasion that fleeces government coffers fade away by itself? Or maybe India could just sell a few nukes? I can think of a few countries that are in the market.

The plan set forth by Indian authorities to address border security may indeed by achievable. Then again, it may also be more empty talk by politicians more skilled in the art of bloviation than that of implementation. Time will tell.

3. External: Deal with Pakistan

Ever since the 1947 partition of British India into the modern states of India and Pakistan, violence has characterized the relationship between the two countries. Tensions came to a head in a trio of major wars (1947, 1965, 1971), all of which ended with terms favorable to India. While the conflict is rooted to the age-old struggle between the Hinduism and Islam in this region of the world, the immediate problems are a result of challenges faced by the political leadership in both countries.

India’s problem may be its inability to properly confront the terrorism that has so afflicted it in recent years, which has at times originated in India, but more often across the border in Pakistan.

Pakistan’s head-in-the-sand faux ignorance of the militia groups it harbors in its northern provinces is as incredulous as it is dangerous. The country’s civilian government doesn’t enjoy strong support from its constituent, and doesn’t have full reign over the military or the powerful spy agency known as Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The ISI has historically spent significant resources training radical groups to act as surrogate military forces in efforts to destabilize India’s hold on the northern state of Kashmir, the epicenter of two of the three major wars between the countries.

Counted among these groups is Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), which India blames for the Mumbai attacks. The question that lingers over the current crisis is just how close the ISI and therein the Pakistani government remains to LeT, and whether or not government officials were involved in the planning and execution of the attacks.

Naturally Pakistan claims to have no connection to the responsible “non-state actors” and has been making all the right moves, shutting down at least one of LeT’s training camps and pledging its support to investigate any terrorist activity on its soil, as well as cracking down on Jamaat-ud-Dawa, a parent to Lashkar-e-Taiba.

However, it remains to be seen if these are tongue-in-cheek crackdowns, or if President Asif Ali Zardari will actually get serious about eliminating radicalism within the borders of his country.

According to Stephen P. Cohen of the Brookings Institute, it may not matter what Zardari intends, as the power of his civilian government is tenuous as best.

“The [Mumbai] attack was designed among other things to provoke India-Pakistan bad relations. I thought it was designed to hurt the Zardari government. That was true of the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul. Their target simply wasn’t India but to show the world that Zardari had no control over what happened. Perhaps, over his own government.”

Still, Zardari will have to find a way to appease Indian’s current anger. The vernacular from the other side of the border has grown more and more hawkish over recent days, as Indians question the authenticity of Pakistan’s moves to clean up its countryside.

Deeper probing might lead one to question whether or not Pakistan really has any intention at all of eliminating terrorist groups. A mutual disdain for India may be the glue that holds the nation together, if there remains any glue at all. Pakistan as a nation lacks a cohesive national identity, and is instead more of a loose conglomeration of parochial states, held together by a strong national military.

Balochistan, for example, by landmass the largest of Pakistan’s four main provinces, is home to the popular Balochistan Liberation Front, whose mission is inherent in the name. Of similar disposition is the North West Frontier Province, current home of the Taliban and al-Queda, two organizations not subjugated by the Pakistani federal government but with their own independent power structures. This past week, a Taliban spokesperson affirmed his organization’s full support of Pakistan in the event of a war with India. The fact that a public announcement was necessary emphasizes to whom it is that the Taliban answer.

The active proliferation of “non-state actors,” to use Zardari’s own terminology, within Pakistan gives the impression that the President and his civilian government are content to continue receiving billions of dollars in aid from the U.S. in exchange for backhanded promises to enforce a nationalizing agenda, and shut down the terrorist groups that use Pakistani territory as a training ground for actions against U.S. forces in Afghanistan (eliciting a series of tactical strikes from the U.S. military in the same “sovereign territory”) and destabilizing attacks in India.

The irony of the aid situation should not escape one. It is after all the U.S. that is dumping funds on Pakistan in the hope that a solution can be bought, and given the current U.S. administration’s aversion to tracking the money bombs it drops on unstable foreign governments, we can say definitively that the money is not being used to bolster anti-terror efforts. Ironically, it could be funneled through the Pakistani military or ISI and end up in the coffers of the same “non-state actors” it is intended to stop. This is pure speculation, but given the history of collaboration between Pakistani government representatives and these groups, it’s hardly an outlandish proposition.

So how does all of this confront India? Simply put, India has evidence that elements within Pakistan have given rise to the Mumbai attacks, and now must convince Pakistan that it is in its own best interest to dissolve those elements. Up to now it has served the Pakistani cause, both politically and militarily, to remain complicit and allow these groups to operate, and therein the challenge for India is to apply the proper amount of pressure without bursting the bubble and sparking a fourth major war, which, according to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, was the objective of the Mumbai attacks to begin with. Besides both nations being nuclear-armed, the danger of such a confrontation is that it would further destabilize Pakistan’s civilian government and create a vacuum of national leadership thus permitting al-Qaeda, the Taliban, or some other organization to further foster popular support for fundamentalist agendas, and push for a popularly-supported political coup.

Naturally Pakistan recognizes the dangers of another war with India, especially one initiated by India with the intent of reaching far enough to stamp out terrorist cells. However given the ties of Pakistani officials to terrorist networks, including former ISI Chief Lieutenant General Hamid Gul, questions abound as to whether or not Pakistan is working in its own best interest as a nation, or if powerful forces like Lt. Gen. Gul are working toward another agenda.

Looking at the BBC’s conglomerate page on the 2006 Mumbai train bombings, it’s telling to see the same back and forth volleying between the two countries now being rehashed. It would seem that one side or the other must find a new approach. If Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh wants to be seen as anything other than soft on terror, as his inability to prevent the recent rash of attacks would suggest, he’s got to find the remedy, whether the terrorism is state-sponsored or otherwise. Beyond the threat of military action, supporting intelligence operations would be a worthwhile investment.

4. All fronts: Bolster intelligence

This would seem to be the obvious cure-all: to know about terrorist actions before they are perpetrated. Unfortunately that’s far easier said than done. Infiltrating and monitoring terrorist groups both inside and outside India should be a major component of any future efforts, and would require the India to borrow tactics from one of its principal antagonists, the ISI.

Further efforts would include working side by side with the U.S. to freeze the assets of those who fund terrorist groups and encouraging more collaboration between Indian police, paramilitary groups, and military forces.

Admittedly this is a skeleton plan, in dire need of fleshing out, but the premise is sound: know what’s being planned in time to stop it. Clearly India has not done this as of late, and has been caught with its proverbial pants down too often.

It’s time to get serious and to turn the tables on those who’ve made fools of Indian security and corpses out of Indian people. A few basic ideas for the improvement of general security are supplied herein, but a comprehensive plan is the urgent task of those in power.

Good can come out of the Mumbai crisis, but only if Indian officials are willing to finally learn from their mistakes and wake up from the deluded dream-like haze that has characterized their attitudes toward terror up until now. The time for heady talk has ended, and the time for action has begun.

Thursday, April 10, 2008

Wandering Inanity Vol. 14: India Part Four - Two Weddings and a Chicken Roll

Preface: I’ve split this journal into three sections for the convenience of the reader. If you’re not interested in part one, part two starts somewhere six miles down the page. If you’re not interested in part two either, you’re probably in the wrong place and might find something of interest here instead. No photos up front this time, they’re embedded with their respective stories in the text below.

Comprehensive Table of Contents
1. A Modest Experiment in Cultural Examination
2. Stories from the Road
3. Protracted Ending and Coming Attractions

1. A Modest Experiment in Cultural ExaminationAmble off the street and into one of Delhi’s thousands of open-front dhabas, and you’ll find yourself confronted with a culturally-telling decision. No, not hot or cold, although some Indians’ glee in downing ulcer-inducing curries as the sadistic July sun beats down from above is equally as impressive as the feats of any Chinese acrobat, Spanish bullfighter, or Brazilian spiny blowfish swallower. (Admittedly, performances of the latter are more renowned for their singular nature than for any spectacular quality, as few live to compete more than once.) No, not sanitary or contaminated, that choice was made implicitly when you crossed the threshold and entered the dhaba, but the general lack of hygiene is not as culturally indicative as it is economically derivative. The choice is vej (vegetarian) or non-vej.

I don’t mean to say the distinction is unique to India. Surely, the ability to distinguish between dishes that contain the flesh of formerly living beings and those that don’t is universal to all cultures; even the Inuit of Eastern Labrador and Newfoundland, whose particular conception of “salad” is composed of disparate elements less grown than they are born, would understand the logic behind grouping the carrot with the cheese wheel, and the seal tail with the reindeer thigh (sorry Rudolph, it’ll grow back). So what is it about having the option here in India that is so characteristic of the culture? It’s not the mere fact that the choice exists; it’s the particular diction of the distinction that I find so telling. “Why” in a moment, but first, a little history:

In days of yore, Hindus were a far more courteous people, with respect to their fellow living beings. They slaughtered not the animals of the earth, for food nor for tool; they consumed not the milk of the mother; they fried not the egg of the hen; they sliced not the breast of the turkey nor the side of beef, garnished not with lettuce and slices of mild cheddar cheese and raw onion, and wrought not delicious Delhi Dagwood sandwiches between thick slabs of seven-grain bread. They didn’t do any of those things, and it’s too damn bad, because if they had, chances are that would be a part of the cuisine around here and right now I’d be wrapping my jaws around one instead of writing this. Nothing against writing- if I didn’t enjoy it I wouldn’t be behind the keyboard- but when your daily ration ranges from rice and curry one day, to curry and rice the next*, a thick deli sandwich comes in somewhere just south of ”ascension to heaven” on the gratification scale.

*Not an accurate representation of my diet. To complete, just add water.

During the first half of the second millennium, Muslim conquerors moved east from Persia (now Iran) and south from various -stans, to the geographic area now known as Pakistan and North India. At first, relations with the locals were a bit rocky (indigenous populations rarely take kindly to violent invasions), but with time, when it became clear that these Muslims weren’t going anywhere fast, the two cultures, previously oil and water, began to synergize. Soon after 1500, a Muslim ruler known as Babur (not the elephant, that’s Babar) seized control of Delhi and Agra, and thus the Mughal (MOO-gull) Empire was born.

Without dipping a figurative bucket into the Well of Vapid Lexicon and hauling out gems like “history happened,” it would be difficult for me to provide the reader a greater over-simplification of world events than that which I offer herein. However, for our purposes, this will have to do. Babur’s descendents would rule until the early 1700s, and their influence on India is still felt today, some 300 years later.

Today, the tapestry of Indian culture is woven thick with threads both Hindu and Muslim, and the result is something not purely one or the other, but still altogether Indian. The mixture manifests itself in sometimes surprising ways. For example: India’s signature cultural attraction is not a Hindu temple, but the Taj Mahal, a monument to the lost love of Shah Jahan, a Muslim ruler. Despite this fact, it is held in high esteem by all Indians, both Muslim and Hindu.

The Taj marks the arrival of Muslim architecture to India (although it wasn’t the first instance here, it is the most prominent), but the Mughals didn’t stop there. They also brought their form of centralized government, their art, their trade routes, their language, and most importantly for our purposes, their cuisine. Suddenly, the North Indian sheep and chicken population, who by all accounts had led rather placid lives up to that point, passing most days munching on tall stalks of grass, contemplatively gazing into the distance, watching the horizon squeeze the last drops of juice from the orange setting sun, and composing metered romantic poetry, found themselves being systematically slaughtered for human nourishment, and altogether confused about the whole business.

In the beginning, animal emissaries were sent to normalize relations, but hope slowly died as each successive negotiator failed to return, and was subsequently spotted roasting leisurely over an open flame. These days you can find the descendents of these martyrs, spinning on a spit (as their ancestors once did) or deep in a tandoori oven. We don’t call them emissaries though, we call them kabobs.

The crux of all this is really quite simple, and when I finally get to the other end of the etymological tightrope we’ve been walking (and have just fallen off), you’ll probably want punch yourself in uncomfortable places for climbing so steep a slope, only to be told by the yogi on the mountain-peak that the secret of life is “Hawaiian pizza” or something lame* like that.

*Hawaiian pizza is not lame in and of itself; in fact it’s probably the one type of pizza that is closest to being the secret of life. However, you didn’t just climb the mountain for advice on your next Domino’s order, you did it for the axiom, adage, or allegory that’ll tear the blinds from your eyes, pull you out of the matrix, and make you see the world for what it really is. Unfortunately, if that’s what you’re expecting, you may have just climbed the wrong mountain.

So now that I’ve pre-emptively beaten it up, dragged it through the mud, and thrown it into a live volcano, let’s get to the point of all this rigmarole. Today, as I said, you have two basic types of food in Indian restaurants: vej and non-vej. The key to all this is in the semantics: that which is traditional, that which is Indian, that which is normal, merits the positive designation, it is ”vej.” Conversely, food that comes from a different tradition, food that comes from the ”other,” food that breaks with custom is negatively designated: it is “non-vej,” or not normal. Without even knowing the history detailed herein, we can deduce a significant fact about the history of Indian culture.

Were I a cultural investigator of any ardor, I’d take the next step in the logical progression and ask why it is that the erstwhile Hindus were vegetarians? However, that’s like asking an Orthodox Jew “Who wrote the Old Testament?” or a Catholic if the Eucharist is really the body of Christ: the answer is too steeped in the cultural lore for rational elucidation. Furthermore, our own line of pursuit leads us to other worlds than these.

I probably could have skipped most of this, and simply begun with that last paragraph about vej and non-vej and made the same point, but it is the journey, the endeavor, in which we gain most, isn’t it? Isn’t it?? Now wait, relax those fists, don’t punch your computer, yourself, or anyone near you (unless you’re standing next to Dick Cheney, then punch away and aim low), and don’t start plotting my timely death just yet. We’re not done. The question we’re now obligated to ask is: Why is this so culturally salient? Why should anyone care that traditional Indian food is given the positive moniker, while food that comes from a different tradition is given the label of the “other?”

It’s indicative of one of Indian culture’s defining characteristics: the almost seamless perpetuation of cultural values from one generation to the next. Indeed, things do change here, if we don’t accept that, there’s no rationalizing the torrid pace of development that is sweeping this country. Evidence of this is visible on every street corner, in every open field, and along every roadside, where change rearranges the face of modern India. Life here is rapidly transforming, from business (improved law enforcement is driving more openness in commerce, so instead of getting ripped off every time, you’ll only get ripped off most of the time), to infrastructure (today you tear your hair out stuck waiting in traffic jams, tomorrow you’ll tear someone else’s hair our fighting your way onto the metro train), and on and on. But while a cyclone of Westernization tears at the branches of the culture, core family values remain strong, an oak tree stoically defying the raging winds of change.

In most family homes, three successive generations mingle. As children become parents and parents become grandparents, values, traditions, and customs pass from one set to the next. What it means to be a Singh, or a Patel, or a Gupta, and on a broader scale what it means to be an Indian bridges the gap from one generation to the next, by way of the close daily interaction between the purveyors of the culture and their offsprings. The foods, the rituals, the ethos: all this unites those long gone with those still yet to come and everyone in between.

Not to say that traditions don’t span the gap elsewhere. It’s not as if parents in Paris are popping out babies who grow up to wear shallow conical hats and till the rice fields, or drape themselves in the Stars and Stripes while swallowing triple cheeseburgers, clobbering terrorists, and smacking home runs for justice (all simultaneously). No, French babies grow up to be French, just like Vietnamese babies grow up to be Vietnamese, and real Americans babies grow up to be real American heroes. Here in India, the same is true, but in my estimation in a different way and to a different extent.

Admittedly, the Indian family faces change and the challenge of evolving ideals like families anywhere, but with more egos enforcing “the way” than among some other cultures, the tendency is for family values and decisions to take precedence over individual prerogatives. This is the case in so many situations, but I’ve seen the conflict manifest itself most commonly when the case is labelled “marriage.”

There are two types of marriages here in India. So-called “love marriages” and “arranged marriages.” Love marriages are ostensibly your basic boy-meets-girl story, and are becoming more and more common among the middle- and upper-classes. An informal survey* among co-workers reveals that some 70% of Indian marriages are love marriages today. However, considering the sample demographic, middle- and upper-class Indians, chances are that my conclusions weren’t representative of India as a whole, especially with 300 million here living below the poverty line and leading lives nothing like those I first spoke with.

*Survey consisted of the following question: “Among people you know, what percentage of marriages are arranged and what percentage are love marriages?”

With this in mind, I asked a number of lower-caste Indians with whom I have daily contact (office helpers, drivers) the same question, and my curiosity paid off, revealing far more traditional tendencies among the poorer demographics. According to these people, 10% or less of the marriages among their friends and family are love marriages. One particularly noteworthy comment was “love marriages always end in divorce,” and knowing the implications of a divorce in this culture (a woman will find it almost impossible to be remarried, while the man may do so almost at his leisure) this is a serious assertion. The statement is indicative of how people here think of the pitfalls of following your heart, and allowing emotions to get in the way of properly raising children. In some senses I suppose I agree; if marriage is more a social agreement than an emotional relationship, the involved parties are more likely to work out any issues for the benefit of the children, whereas if feelings and egos are involved, lines of communication are easily distorted. Then again, as individuals who among us wouldn’t rather spend their time with someone with whom he/she shares an emotional connection? Once again, the view of marriage as a social agreement, one made between two families in the interest of the propagation of their family line, is another crucial trait distinguishing Indian culture from Western culture.

An arranged marriage is the progenies of a spark, deep in the nether regions of the idle mind of a mother, aunt, or cousin. Neurons flash, cobwebs crumble, an idea is born, and suddenly Guarav and Neha find themselves seated furtively across a living room from one another, anxiously avoiding the other’s gaze, as their parents engage in seemingly idle chat, ascertaining whether the other family is “suitable” (a subjective evaluation if there ever was one, and providing of an easy out should one family find issue with the other, or with the other’s marriage candidate). The fact that the two families have come this far implies that there are no caste conflicts, which commonly frustrate the aspirations of those who wish to be wed to a partner chosen of their own volition and also of a different caste. Chat ranges from family background, to employment, to general interests, to future intentions, and further matters of familial concern. Questions may be directed at the individuals themselves, or to the parents, who will invariably provide the “proper answer” should Guarav not know that he plans on being the CEO of a multinational corporation within five years, or Neha not realize that she can cook anything under the sun, with skill. Forgive me if I appear to be gender stereotyping, but given the fact that a propensity to abide by tradition is why a marriage would be an arranged one to begin with, it follows that traditional gender roles would prevail within the resulting household.

Assuming all goes well between the families, a prospect more dubious than one might expect, the potential marriage partners will discuss their reactions with their respective clans, weighing concerns and praise for the other. Should the bad outweigh the good, a polite excuse will be found, and they’ll start back at one.

However, should all parties acquiesce, the next question is that of dowry; with what will the bride’s family provide the groom’s family in exchange for the added burden of hosting their daughter? In Western culture, we might see this as a paradox of sorts, not only does the bride’s family lose their daughter, but also some large sum of money, which might be surrendered in cash form, as a new car, or even as an army of trained monkey slaves. Here in India, where they are well versed in marriages of this sort, practicality reigns. Since the groom’s family will now have another mouth to feed, it makes sense that they should receive recompense, at least while they adjust to the change and the girl is finding her place in the new home.

Now that we’ve covered the matchmaking/courting process, the ceremony deserves equal billing.

Thanks in large part to the recent movie "My Big Fat Greek Wedding," marriage ceremonies from the Hellenic end of the Mediterranean have taken center stage in the world wedding consciousness (a contentious position, if there ever was one). And deservedly so. This past summer I found myself knee-deep in a Greek wedding while walking home late one night on the isle of Ios. The scene was something out of a three stooges movie: plates crashing on the floor and on heads; Ouzo flowing down throats and on heads; dogs flying through the air and, of course, on heads. In a phrase, the party put Bedlam to rest and went out for a night-keg or three. It was one part spontaneity, two parts tradition, and all parts madness.

But look a little further east, across the quagmire in the Fertile Crescent, past Persia and Pakistan, to a little country once called Hindustan, now India, and you’ll find a custom nine notches down on the debauchery scale, but as insanity goes, still cranking it to eleven. (Why they don’t just make ten the highest, I don’t know.)

About now you’re probably saying to yourself, “can any party absent of a thick rain of booze, flying tableware and domestic animals really be considered wild, or for that matter, even a party?” Well, find yourself an Indian wedding and you might just reconsider the preconception that respectable parties necessitate high velocity airborne objects and a torrential downpour of alcohol.

A rainbow exploding: that’s an Indian wedding. In terms of the aesthetic, the marriage ground is a grassy park cordoned off from the outside world by way of hanging sheet walls, reaching fifteen feet into the night sky and sparking pink, orange, and white. Just about everything, including small children, is weighed heavy with heaps upon heaps of orange, white, and yellow marigold wreaths, which are common to almost all Hindu spiritual ceremonies. The men come dressed in kurtas, generally more conservatively colored, at least in comparison to the sarees in which the women wrap themselves.

A pair of rabbit-minded Crayola Big Boxes couldn’t match Indian textile manufacturers for the production of spectrum-bending hues, and the result is an incredible variance in saree coloring, from infrared to ultraviolet and everything in between.

Riding the tangent for a moment, conceptually, an infrared saree is going to cause some kind of uproar amongst the prudish Indian moral majority. Being wrapped in a garment of a color invisible to the human eye would be a shock, at the very least, to a culture that won’t even show a kiss on its movie screens. But seeing as how sarees here come in colors more exceptional poison dart frogs, Joseph’s coat, and the San Francisco Gay Day parade to shame, chances are it could be managed without requiring an adjunct overcoat to obscure the body’s natural form.

The party starts in the early evening, and the guests who arrive first are the bride’s. They mingle, stuff themselves with food, and wait. A bit later on, after parading through the streets among a crowd of familial revellers, the groom dismounts his steed (no joke, he really rides a white horse to the wedding), and confronts the bride’s parents at the entrance to the wedding ground, backed by his entire constituent. At this stage, it’s mom’s last chance to reject Sanjay the call-center jockey and force her daughter go for coffee one more time with Anooj the stock trader, but for all intensive purposes, it’s too late to go back, so after a few rites and rituals, in flows the other half of the party.

The starving masses who’ve been walking the streets solve for the shortest distance between themselves and the food, leaving young children and elders as mere obstacles to be trampled underfoot like pylons in traffic, as they make their way to the steaming casseroles. The bride and groom ascend to stage and trade ritual flower wreaths, then proceed to be doted upon by both sets of parents, pose for pictures, and act as if they actually remember the bride’s tenth cousin six times removed (Indian families are huge) long enough to snap a quick photo and shoo him from the stage as the next anonymous relative approaches. This is also the time, now that the two sides have mixed and no one knows more than half the crowd, when the randoms start strolling in... and then out again with a belly full of dal makhani, shahi paneer, gobi aloo, a dozen roti, gulab jamun, more dal, mixed vegetables, ice cream, and some more dal (just for good measure).

As night advances and morning looms, the ceremony begins. Of course, by this time most of the freeloaders, acquaintances, and distant relatives have faded away into the darkness, followed not long after by the close relatives. This leaves behind the betrothed, their parents, the pundit (Hindu spiritual leader who facilitates the ritual), and a few people who wandered in after smelling the food, but missed dinner and so don’t even qualify as freeloaders.

The union itself is intricate and protracted. I’ve been to a pair of weddings myself, staying this late only once, but from what I gathered, there was a lot going on, all of it completely incomprehensible to the untrained eye. My eye, being primarily lazy but also untrained (the former an anatomical condition, the latter a lack of culture), is highly susceptible to the distracting influence of things that are brightly colored and shiny, found plenty by which to be diverted, to the point that I was, for all intensive purposes, incapacitated among the swirling hurricane of sparkling multicolored kryptonite.

What I missed while dazed and confused, was the bride covering her eyes with large green leafs and being carried in circles around the groom seven times while seated on a platter, after which the two placed flowered wreaths over each other’s heads. Then, the pair sat cross-legged, face-to-face, under a flower-draped canopy as the pundit chanted prayers and incantations. After an hour or so of this, the ceremony ends, the street dogs find their way to the leftovers, and everyone goes home happy. Except the bums who showed up too late for the food. They’re still hungry.

After the honeymoon, the happy couple move in with the husband’s family, married life begins, children sprout, and on spins the wheel of time.
2. Stories from the Road
Previously I had promised details from a number of recent travel experiences. Unfortunately, time constraints and my stifling inability to put more than five words on the page per day over the past three months has led to something of a logjam of these sorts of stories, so in the interest of keeping this journal under ten thousand words, the section dedicated to each location will be short and sprinkled with photos.
Late last year, I made a return trip to India’s mountain paradise by the lake, Nainital, alongside my eight concurrent roommates. To give you an idea of how backlogged I am, this trip happened last Diwali, or November 11th. Indians spend this holiday launching fireworks into the air and lighting firecrackers under old people’s chairs. We spent the weekend admiring the nightly re-enactments of the Siege of Leningrad from our hilltop hotel, and appreciating the fact that the heavy ordnances being launched into the night sky, directly above densely populated pockets of the mountain village, were plenty far from us. Beyond that, we busied ourselves with gruelling hikes up into the mountains, watching monkeys & sunsets, playing with young children, and shopping.

Photos from Nainital: http://www.flickr.com/photos/afivenson/sets/72157603226008343/

I also made a return to Agra, home of the Taj Mahal, this time for the second wedding I attended. I won’t rehash the wedding rituals, I’ve done injustice enough to that subject, and the same goes for the Taj (which I visited again, knowingly walking into another 750 Rupee ambush). One topic I have yet to insult is Fatehpur Sikri, an ancient city/palace about 25 miles from Agra, built in 1571 by Akbar the Great, some 75 years before the Taj Mahal, and used for all of 14 years before being completely deserted by its inhabitants. Theories as to why the populace hit the collective eject button vary widely, from lack of water supply to the whim of a fastidious ruler, to cheaper real estate in Agra, to loud neighbors.

My own theory is that the mass exodus was directly correlated to the creation and public operation of the Elephant Tower. What is the Elephant Tower, you ask? Why, nothing much. It’s just a decorative little tower where criminals (whose guilt was decided arbitrarily by Akbar himself) were tied between two elephants, then torn limb from limb as the elephants were fearfully driven in opposite directions. I don’t care if you’ve never even dared to jaywalk, much less break the law, after seeing an execution that brutal, you’re headed in the opposite direction and you’re running until you hit ocean. Then you’re swimming. Maybe that’s what was racing through the heads of the people of Fatehpur Sikri when they packed up shop and left.

Today, the city is known as the Ghost City, thanks to the spirits which purportedly inhabit the grounds, especially the rear areas, which are now mostly ruins. Our guide refused to take us there, feigning fear, but changed his tune when we made his payment contingent upon the fulfillment of his earlier promise to do so. That’s where we found the Elephant Tower, and “the truth” about the desertion of Fatehpur Sikri.

Photos from Fatehpur Sikri (and Nandita’s wedding): http://www.flickr.com/photos/afivenson/sets/72157603804575511/

Elsewhere- in a different place and time- I couldn’t get over the laundry list of similarities I saw between the state of Goa, which I visited this New Years, and the Greek Isles, which I cursed with my presence last summer. The comparison started as a visual fixation, but during my ten day vacation there alongside the Indian Ocean, the likenesses revealed themselves to be more salient than I had initially expected. Expansive beaches, a coastline freckled with quaint Bohemian villages, and relatively little penetration by chain stores and corporations means a distinctly indigenous flavor endures in both locales. Admittedly, the jungles of coastal India and the semi-arid climates of the Mediterranean coasts are topographically disparate environments, but in terms of atmosphere, I felt a similar vibe.

To give you an idea of how good life is in this place, the primary debate among Goans is not how to deal with the poverty, rash of development, and the erosion of family values like the rest of India, but whose beaches are better: North or South Goa? I was able to gain a modicum of understanding for Goan life thanks to the fact that a friend with whom I studied in Spain has family in Panjim, the state capital. This, compounded by the fact that she happened to be visiting at the same time meant that I had not only a free place to stay and three meals a day (Thanks Lisa!), but also a bit of immersion into Goan culture. A few abbreviated observations: Goa is different, streets are clean, cows roam only country roads, and a foreign face is no reason to stare slack-jawed, but instead a chance to offer a quick smile and a nod.

Why is Goa different? Well, for one, it wasn’t until 1961 (12 years after greater Indian independence from Britain was achieved), after 450 years under Portugal, that the Indian army rolled in and pitched the Portuguese back out into the ocean, wresting one of the last satellite states away from a once proud global empire (the last was Macau, near Hong Kong, returned to China diplomatically in 1999). But this doesn’t explain the differences between Goa and the rest of India. If mere status as a former Portuguese colony implies greater attention to cleanliness or Western values than status as a former British colony (meaning the rest of India) then try explaining a place like Singapore (former British colony, independence in 1965), which is so clean people don’t eat their dinner off plates, but off the very streets they drive on. No, Goa’s extraordinary nature is not a direct result of the injection of Portuguese culture, but it could be a derivative product of that influence.

Thanks to their time under the Portuguese, Goa’s religious composition is unique among Indian states. According to the 2001 Indian National Census, India on the whole is 80% Hindu, 13% Muslim, and 2% Christian, whereas Goa itself is 66% Hindu and 26% Christian, and 7% Muslim. Christianity is far more widespread in this particular corner of India. The astute Western reader will immediately cry foul, labelling my implied connection between Goa’s endemic cleanliness and the relative pervasiveness of Christianity politically incorrect, prejudice, or worse. But before you measure the noose, afford me the opportunity to expound. Any Indian will tell you, it is the interior of one’s home or business whose appearance matters most. The outdoors is the place you throw your trash, and so there’s no need to keep it in proper order. Inasmuch, Goa is generally a clean place, but is pockmarked with remote stations owned by non-Goan Indians, which tend to be as Indian as the rest of India.

Photos from Goa: http://www.flickr.com/photos/afivenson/sets/72157603801428900/

Awkward tourist-local moments during our February visit to Udaipur, Rajasthan (RAH-jus-tan), but first a quick bit of context. The city sits cradled among a number of small lakes, upon which rest man-made structures that, due to their singular architectural, appear to float on the wake. One such structure, The Lake Palace, a prominent construction on the lake (called the Jag Niwas), was featured in the 1983 James Bond film Octopussy thanks to its pure polished white marble composition and illusory hovering above the water level. These days, the Palace is an exclusive hotel, run by the Taj corporation.

While tooling around said lake in a boat, our pilot made an inadvertent pass by the local ghats. Ghats are tall sandstone steps that lead from a city down into its water supply, common in cities with access to the Ganges, but less so in Rajasthan, the state being mostly desert. Upon the lower steps of the ghats, Indians without facility otherwise do their daily washing, both of the laundry and of the body. You can imagine the tumult as we casually drifted by, staring gaudily and snapping photos as locals scrubbed their half-naked bodies, robed only in their skimpies (in India this means tight-fitting garments that still obscure most of the body, but being visible to an outsider while adorned as such is still a breach of acceptable social etiquette and cause for shock) and in the midst of their daily wash.

Coincidentally, it wasn’t just the communal ghats we coasted past, it was the women’s ghats, which meant that instead of merely breaking conduct, we thrashed it properly, then left it in the dust where someone else could pick up the pieces. While the ladies didn’t scream and run, they didn’t exactly smile and wave either. Imagine just as you hop into the shower, some tourist waltzes into the bathroom and starts snapping high-resolution photos while you’re swathed in nothing more than your birthday suit and the day’s dust and sweat. Probably not the way you’d want to address the nation, or even, for that matter, a small group of camera-toting tourists. However, forgiving a few caustic glares, most ignored our violation of conduct and carried on about their business. Had our boat spontaneously split in two, or been torpedoed and/or attacked by dingos, something tells me these women might have found their laundry a more prudent task than our timely rescue.

Worth a mention are also Udaipur’s City Palace*, an ornate conglomeration of smaller elemental palaces overlooking the Jag Niwas (and the ghats), and the Monsoon Palace, perched high above the city.

*Photo taken by someone else, though I have no idea who

Photos from Udaipur: http://www.flickr.com/photos/afivenson/sets/72157603960672892/

Oh yes, and last but not least: the camel fair in Pushkar, north central Rajasthan, where what impressed me immediately were the cadres of women wading through crowded streets robed in lightning-struck neon sarees, even more brilliant than those I’d seen at weddings. The great irony was not the stark contrast between the women’s dress and the dusty, litter-strewn streets, but that while immersed in an environment so singularly stimulating, I managed to get my camera pinched from my pocket a mere ten minutes after stepping down from the train. That’s irony.

Regardless, textiles were hardly the only attraction at the camel fair. Surprisingly, there were also camels. Some 50,000 of them according to overblown estimates from the Rajasthan Tourism Authority, and almost all on the auction block. For a mere 20,000 Rupees (~$500), you too could take the scenic route back to the oasis, the envy of all the Maharajas in the neighborhood, atop your very own four-legged luxury desert transport aristocrat! I myself would have taken the plunge, but my two past camel-top experiences have impressed upon me the idea that piloting camels is just too painful in all the wrong places to be done more than once every few decades.

Highlighting the list of other noteworthy events at the fair was one spectacle from the midway. Tucked unobtrusively in between the Ferris wheel, tilt-a-whirl, and carousel sat an inconspicuous attraction, about forty feet tall and thirty feet in diameter. A peculiar half-barrel shaped construction, topped with a conical thatch roof, and painted with the flaking signs of advancing age. Curious enough to fork over cash, my friends and I each paid 10 Rupees and ascended the rickety scrap metal staircase to the viewing area, a bi-level grandstand crowning the barrel’s upper circumference. The view from above revealed a completely hollow structure, whose walls extended from the dirt floor to our perch above, but were angled at a more moderate grade near their base, maybe 45 degrees compared to 80 degrees up high. Below, a man waited astride his motorcycle.

Once the stands filled, our hero dramatically kick-started his bike, and began to ride slowly in circles along the shallow lower wall. What I saw next astonished, befuddled, and flabbergasted me. After building up a strong head of steam, he made a slight adjustment in direction and maneuvered himself right up onto the steep wall, where he proceeded to carry on as if driving on the wall was no big deal at all, and the type of thing he might do for a Sunday drive (and in fact, it was a Sunday). And if one motorcycle defying both gravity and death wasn’t enough, just after the initial shock passed, a second joined the first on the wall. The two bobbed and weaved, strutting like Spanish flamenco dancers, bravado on full blast, playing to the crowd, ensuring that if two guys riding motorcycles perpendicularly along steep walls wasn’t enough to capture your attention, then maybe two guys riding motorcycles perpendicularly along steep walls while shouting, throwing their hands in the air, and zigzagging left and right by steering with their knees would be. Naturally, the crowd loved it. I guess the harder you beg for a spectacular death, the more people are willing to watch and wait. It’s an ancient twist on Social Darwinism coupled with a heavy shot of voyeurism.

At this stage, while watching two lunatics pilot their way around the circle like a pair of hamsters on the same wheel, I was sure we had reached the far edges of what was permissible by the laws of state, physics, and sanity. But as usual in India, I was proven wrong. A pair of small cars that had been waiting below, the size you might see bench pressed on those World’s Strongest Man competitions, which I had thought must surely contain stretchers and medical supplies for the two maniacs on the wall, hit the low ramp running, then merged into traffic on the wall. One more car and we would have been witness to a real live vertical traffic jam, which probably wouldn’t have been too exciting for anyone in the audience, as we see worse here in Delhi every day.

Other than that, the Pushkar Camel Fair was pretty uneventful.

3. Protracted Ending and Coming Attractions
I also recently played in another television commercial, this time for an anonymous investment company whose name includes some combination of the words Max, New, York, and Life (though it shall remain nameless), in which I had to wear a suit, sit in front of a computer, stare into the camera authoritatively, and say “India is the place to invest right now, capital markets are booming. Change your underwear daily!” I may have added the second line to see if they were paying attention, I guess we’ll have to wait to see if it made the final cut, or if the killjoys in charge decided against the adlib addition of my invaluable piece of life advice. I am working on acquiring a copy of this commercial and also my previous one.

I’m going to call it a day for now. My apologies for the four month wait, although I’m sure some of you are just now finishing my previous offering. Then again, if you’re just now finishing my previous installment, chances are you won’t be reaching the end of this one for another few months. Either way, congrats, you’ve once again lost a few hours of life that you can never get back.

Last time in this same space I promised stories of, among other things, bribery. Never fear, those tales are coming in the next edition (I’m aiming for a June release, but whether that’s June 2008 or 2009 remains to be seen) alongside the highlights from Holi and the elephant festival in Jaipur, the Blue City in Jodhpur, the Himalayan village of Manali, and Amritsar, home of the Golden Temple, Sikhism’s holiest temple.

As always, looking forward to your responses.

Tuesday, December 18, 2007

Wandering Inanity Vol. 13: In Search of the ‘Real’ India

In accordance with ancient ritual, we’ll begin with the latest and greatest in photographic fare from here in India. A few unenlightened readers may take issue with the use of both ‘ancient’ and the concordant ‘ritual’ in reference to a practice I’ve been employing for a period encompassing only my previous two journals, and I will remind said readers that the application of terms in the space-at-hand is done at the discretion of He-Who-Composes (sounds heavy doesn’t it? Yeah I’m a heavy guy, figuratively speaking). And, if I so choose, I can designate an act with a lifetime (in days) less than even my basement IQ as ‘ancient’, and therein a ‘ritual’. By extension, I can call the street dogs I play with ‘clean’, or myself ‘not a moron’, despite what everyone now knows.

Anyway, the photos you’ll be seeing comprise the captured digital memories of a four day trek through the northward holy cities of Rishikesh and Haridwar, and the eastward mountain village of Nainital. I made this trip during the month and a half I had to myself between jobs here in New Delhi, a time period I’ve designated ‘Freedom Festival 2007’ for obvious reasons, or ‘Lazypalooza’ as a result of the torrid pace at which I accomplished stuff during that time. Ignore the purposeful ambiguity of the word ‘stuff’ and just trust that ‘things’ happened.

Rishikesh and Haridwar are both considered holy cities as a consequence of their positions alongside the sacred river Ganges, a fast moving body that shares color and opacity with chocolate milk, but - and I found this out the hard way - tastes nothing like it. I guess the fact that the locals were bathing in it instead of bottling it ought to have tipped me off.

Then again, the fact that they were immersed in the muddied mixture to begin with brings up a whole separate set of questions, ones that would probably find a better home in my previous journal, the one that dealt with so-called "serious social issues". I have, for the moment, given up that line of examination in favor of more humor-evoking [fluffy, brainless - ed.] avenues of thought.

Enough with the tangential philandering; without further ado:

India IV - Unemployed and Loving It

The photos contained in India IV are absolutely without peer in comparison to previous sets from my time here in India. Quite frankly, this trip is what convinced me to stick around these parts a bit longer, and I think the photos are highly illustrative of why I made that decision. Inside are monkeys up close and personal, a hidden jungle waterfall, a riverside Hindu spiritual ceremony, and a level of majesty and mystique so far high beyond Everest's peak, your eyes will pop out just to give the sockets a look too.

On with the show.

The month and a half period between jobs was a time of great personal discovery for me; I watched as a diligence and duty previously absent from my character took control of me. I found that I could, for days on end, move with ease through a taxing daily regimen, all with the intent of propelling myself majestically forward along the continuum of human advancement, lugging in my tow the balance of humanity.

Each day, I would not only drag myself from the depths of slumber to stand and face the world, I would then further surpass previous apexes of human accomplishment by eating breakfast, showering, and clothing myself (though admittedly I’d rarely have the further chutzpah to go so far as to scrape the hair from my face). Indeed, the harnessing of fire, Egypt’s Great Pyramids, and Moon Shoes have been relegated to second-class testaments to humanity’s indefatigable drive for advancement, thanks to my monumental feats of determination.

It got to the point where even algae, were it capable of motherly admonishment, would have called me lazy. I was a rock; spending my days without so much as a shake or jiggle; lying motionless on the ground; growing a beard a mile long (Rocks with beards? May I present to you The Bearded Stalactites of Ulaanbaatar); and generally finding myself under the influence of nothing but the slow churn of the earth’s crust (and that, only dawdlingly). But an inert stone only goes so far in this life. As one, you pass your few brief moments in the perpetual parade of time like some erstwhile beauty queen, backside rooted to the folded hatch of a red 1991 Dodge Shadow convertible, smiling and waving to the crowd, but unable to eliminate the nagging feeling in your gut that the world has already passed you by.

It was under these circumstances that, at the behest of and alongside my two friends Marcus and Elisabeth, I decided to shake the calcium deposits from my fusing bones, and depart for the northeast.

Of course it wasn’t only fear of fusion between my feet and our flat’s marble floor that motivated me to move my mass. It was a genuine belief, preceded by a celestial leap of faith- as I had no evidence that this could possibly be the case- that India had much more to offer than what I had seen up to that point in New Delhi. Detailed most thoroughly by my first India journal, my experience of this city (and by extension my impression of India) had been tainted by poor support from my sponsoring organization coupled with a bad office situation, amplified by the fact that I saw in my immediate future no escape from the difficulties of life here. In the end, my blind faith was vindicated. And this is the story of how.

We left late one night on a “9 PM” bus for Rishikesh. The ride, we were told, was to be nine hours, so we would arrive at the convenient hour of 6 AM. Unfortunately, it didn’t dawn upon me until too late that the travel times were not quoted in Newtonian time, but in fact Indian time. That being the case, I should have expected a travel time of something like two billion... oh wait, calculator’s upside down... something like fifteen hours. In light of that, the fact that we arrived at noon the following day (Newtonian noon, not Indian noon - which comes some time early next century) meant that we actually arrived a few hundred years early! Amazing how that works isn’t it?

Upon arrival we found our way into a vikram (a sort of oversized autorickshaw) which carried us, zig-zagging all the way, up one of the steep tree-covered slopes that bracket the Ganges in Rishikesh. The town itself is below, alongside the river, but the city’s attractions are all up in the hills that overlook the river. Among those attractions are the city’s ashrams (meditation communities), in which one can live for months on end without any sort of payment, under an agreement to live by the rules of the community.

A Polish friend of mine went to an ashram (though not in Rishikesh) to live for two weeks wherein members were fed, given places to sleep, and provided ample opportunity to meditate in exchange for a vow of silence that lasts from the instant you enter until the instant you leave. Not my kind of place. Apparently those who spend their days within an ashram’s walls attain a higher level of understanding in and of themselves and in the world around them. I’m pretty sure the only understanding I would gain from being in a place like that is an even healthier appreciation for the soothing sensation of wind strumming my vocal cords on its way to my mouth to be molded into words (as if I don’t already consider this the finest feeling of them all). There are many of these residences in the hills above Rishikesh, none of which I visited (for obvious reasons).

Beyond its inundation of ashrams, Rishikesh also promotes itself as the “World’s Capital of Yoga”, an asinine distinction if there ever was one. After all, who the hell wants to be World’s Capital of Twister for Geezers®, anyway? Not me. I’m proud to say that my home town, Traverse City, Michigan, is the Cherry Capital of the World. The cherry, a first-fiddle fruit if there ever was one, beats yoga hands down ten times out of ten in a taste competition. Heck, even rotten salmon beats yoga ten times out of ten in a taste competition, as do rotting tree bark and yellow snow. After all, any taste is better than the taste of pain careering wildly through all your soft squishy parts. Then again, if you’re into that kind of thing (masochism and all that), I hear the human pretzel is delicious.

Beyond venues in which one can feel the joy of forced silence or self-induced physical pain, Rishikesh is also home to a rather famous temple, which was either designed by a big fan of Space Invaders, or stolen from the set of Battlestar Galactica. Pious worshipers travel from miles around to wander in concentric circles around its thirteen floors of open-air hallway, searching for its entrance. It has yet to be found.

The hills surrounding Rishikesh are your run-of-the-mill Indian jungle, replete with a heavy tropical tree density, low canopy, rushing streams, and dozens of little critters that love to scamper across the hiking trail inducing shrieks of surprise and dark wet patches down all the white tourists’ inseams.

It was with intention of immersing ourselves in this habitat that, between sudden and repeated torrential downpours, we made our way with a tour group to this jungle, following our guide to what he assured us was a waterfall and not our untimely death at the hands of bone-gnawing jungle dwellers. To be honest, I wasn’t convinced, but that didn’t stop me from plunging into the overgrowth alongside my fellow hikers.

Along the way we survived a gauntlet of jungle tribulations. One young woman, who had the brilliant foresight to wear flip-flops on a trek through the jungle, lost one in a rushing stream, then dove into the waters in a vain attempt to save the ten-cent piece of molded foam. Just when the thought crossed our minds that the she might have gone the way of her sandal, a foreign mass erupted from the flowing depths, fist raised, clutching triumphantly what she knew to be her lost piece of footwear but was actually a fish. The evolving look of astonishment/disappointment/dejection that drenched her face, each shade sequentially, as she realized that her captive was not actually her sandal is one that I’ll never forget as long as I live. And I plan on living a long, long time.

Numerous river crossings later (we lost no more oxen) our guide pulled back a low palm fawn to reveal a small jungle clearing framed by lime-tinted foliage, downed tree trunks, and criss-crossing vines. At its rear stood a twenty foot solid-rock wall over which poured the waterfall, and at its base, a small pool of water where the spewage violently landed. It was everything I had ever imagined a jungle oasis should be, with the exception of the customary rampaging pack of monkeys (they’ve all moved to the city). The hour we spent frolicking in the downpour, which poured so brutally that I had trouble standing under its point of contact at times, was one of the few extraordinary moments during my time here in India of which I can say my expectations of this place were entirely fulfilled. It wasn’t touristy, it wasn’t dirty, it wasn’t a facade; it was real, it was everything it should have been, and it was more. The group relaxed, played guitar, meditated, reflected, and simply enjoyed the experience for what it was: a quick dip of the toe into a different India, into the real India.

Also among noteworthy experiences in Rishikesh: a short face-to-face encounter with a monkey. As I mentioned, the city’s tourist centers rest on the opposing slopes that sandwich the river, and to connect the two sides the city features a pair of footbridges that stretch from one bank to the other. White-haired monkeys congregate at one end of the northern bridge, and passing tourists throw popcorn to them, which can be bought from vendors at either end.

In my mind, feeding monkeys is the sort of “Look, I’m interacting with my environment” moment for which parents often applaud their toddlers, just like when they start playing with the family dog or chase a butterfly. This moment usually comes in chorus with learning to plug the square peg into the square hole or the ability to wobble on two feet like a real human being. Fittingly, there I found myself, feeding a monkey.

I placed a single kernel of popped corn on my open palm, then offered it to the hairy little Martin Van Buren look-alike, at which point he cautiously reached out his tiny hand, snapped it up, and stuffed it past his eagerly waiting jaws. I repeated the feat four or five times, growing more and more amazed with each passing interaction, but soon decided I’d seen the in and out of the trick and that the traffic jam I’d caused on the bridge was congested enough. As I began to walk away, the monkey, until this point the gracious recipient of my charity, became irate and seized my forearm in his curiously strong grip.

Now would probably be a good time to relate the potential severity of a monkey attack here in India. Angry packs of monkeys have been running amok in Delhi as of late. Our simian cousins populate the city, just like the cows and dogs, but monkey traffic generally keeps to trees and green areas and avoids populated avenues like roads (since their feet don’t quite reach the pedals). Lately though, as Delhi has expanded into the monkeys’ green sanctuaries, the little primates have less and less space in which to live, which forces them into uncomfortably close quarters with their human oppressors.

Discontented and cramped, the monkeys are lashing out, not only wreaking havoc in the subway, but by actually killing New Delhi’s deputy high commissioner (deputy mayor), and rampaging through neighborhoods, biting children, scratching people, and grabbing babies. This is no joke, folks, and the severity of the problem has caught the attention New Delhi’s top civic minds. These masters of municipal problem resolution have, in a true stroke of genius, hired even bigger monkeys to kill the smaller monkeys. No way that could go wrong... no way at all. I can see it now, full blown monkey wars in the streets of Delhi. Then again, I guess it wouldn’t be all that different from the way things seem to be going now.

The real difficulty is that in the Hindu religion, monkeys are considered sacred reincarnations of the god Hanuman, and inasmuch, a human doing harm to a monkey is tantamount to slapping Hanuman in his monkey face. That’s why monkey catchers instead of monkey murders have been employed by the city to remedy the problem. Apparently though, there simply aren’t enough catchers to deal with the legion of monkeys, and so New Delhi is saddled with the rising issue of dealing appropriately with its increasingly irate monkey population. My suggestion- and this would probably be seriously considered by the local government- is to unleash an unstoppable highly-contagious microbe disease upon the monkey population of the city. No way that could go wrong either... right?

You can imagine the progression of thoughts that crossed my consciousness as my simian friend clasped my wrist, as I crossed that bridge in Rishikesh. At first it was “oh that’s cute,” which quickly progressed to “wait a minute, I saw Outbreak,” which was followed by “good bye cruel world,” "But I never got to ride an elephant,” and finally “I wonder what’s for lunch.”

But alas, it was not the end for me. Far from it, I pulled my wrist free and stole away across the bridge, managing to escape with mere light scrapes. I had bested the monkey, but to this day, I keep a close watch on my flank, just in case he has relatives here in Delhi whom he’s contracted to finish the job.

From Rishikesh we descended the mountains to Haridwar, intent on seeing the nightly Aarti ceremony. The city itself is what I would call a typical Indian city, which means that it’s still miles away from ‘ordinary’, to coin a phrase. Navigating the flow of traffic means wading through an unflagging current of bodies: some human, some animal, some machine, all with a an important appointment that are presumably more important than your continued ability to live without footprints, hoofprints, or tire tracks planted straight up your backside.

The machines (cars, autorickshaws, trucks) will plow through anything in their path, including people, as will the animals. The humans will cut you some slack, only because they’re not big enough to run straight through you, but their ‘compassion’ only stretches so far. Those who aren’t aggressive enough to go bowling through the masses like a runaway semi are sure to get bounced around, pick-pocketed, and finally lost like a five year old in K-Mart.

We bypassed most of the congestion by hopping into a cycle rickshaw to make our way down to the riverside for the Aarti, a slick logistical move for which we thought we were pretty smart. Unfortunately we had to pass through the city’s old market, which was cursed with a thick blanket of muck thanks to the recent heavy rains mentioned previously. Wheels are generally ineffectual in ten inches of wet, viscous mess, and this was no exception. Periodically, our cycle rickshaw got stuck in the quagmire and guess who had to hop out and push? Yep: the driver. And me. And let me tell you, there are few quicker routes to an ego check than pushing a rickshaw through ten inches of something that could be mud, but could just as easily have come from the business end of an elephant. Crowds of locals stared on as I mud-bogged alongside the driver, amazed to see a foreigner incurring even the slightest form of physical strain, moreover without regard for the state of his formerly unsoiled shoes and pride.

This quick tale is telling in many ways. We were in an older district, but clearly a part of Haridwar’s heart. The fact that a bit of rain turned it from bustling market into a swamp speaks to the ‘in-development status’ this country’s infrastructure. There has been a great deal of progress, especially over the past ten years, with regard to modernization and optimization, but there is still a long way to go. Even New Delhi, the country’s capital, is still about ten years from having a comprehensive and fully-functional metro subway system. Furthermore, power cuts are common, some lasting a few minutes, others lasting a few hours, and not just in poor areas. In my former office on Barakhamba Road, New Delhi’s skyscraper row and the heart of its business community, we endured power cuts a few times a week. This meant no air conditioning during the sweltering summer months, as well as no lights, computers, refrigerator for cold water, etc... Even in the newly constructed business districts in the modern suburbs Gurgaon and Noida, power cuts are common occurrences.

For those accustomed, a power outage is banal and familiar. It evokes not so much as a twitch of the eye. But for those less habituated, the experience can be far more traumatic. One moment you’ll be perched at your desk, dutifully sleeping the office hours away; the next you’ll be plunged into a dark and primitive world without even the comforting hum of your computer to keep your lonely soul company. Some cry under desks, some cry on top. Some congregate in small groups, testing their skill with the flint and steel, while still others hunt for small office critters, thrusting keyboards and chair legs into shadowy corners. Some sprint through the halls, tattered clothing hanging from their bodies by a thread, faces smudged black with permanent market, swinging power cords and shouting for others to take up the cause: “Follow me! Follow me to freedom!”

And just as suddenly as it went, the power returns, and each of us act as if none of it ever happened. It all makes for some awkward restroom conversations as I scrub the black marker from my face.

Down by the holy Ganges, thousands of Haridwar’s pious gathered for the nightly Aarti ceremony. After finding our way to the riverside mandir (shrine) for the ceremony, we did our best to melt into the crowd as the sun retired from its daily duties high in the sky. No such luck was to be had, and within five minutes we were swarmed by local children, selling blanket-sized sheets of uncut snack wrappers as ground covers, so we could sit comfortably on the stiff ground alongside the thousands of others.

We made our way through the crowd, wading through a heavy flow of locals, looking for a decent viewpoint out onto the opposing riverbank where locus of the pooja would be. A crowd official spotted us as we searched fruitlessly for an unobstructed view, and invited us up to a cordoned-off set of stairs so we would be able to see. Graciously, we accepted.

Was it right to accept this “free tourist upgrade”? Maybe not, but then again if it means the difference between actually being able to see (and possibly participate in) a cultural event instead of simply staring at the backs of people’s heads wondering what all the hubbub is about, then it’s a moral sacrifice I’m willing to make. After all, the first-class treatment did excoriate us of the thirty beggar children who had been clinging to us like fire to a man dunked in gasoline, as the crowd official ensured that we entered the roped-off section sans-entourage.

So there we sat on our staircase, a group of three, eyes focused twenty yards across the river, waiting for something, anything, to happen. As the last amber rays of the sun dipped below the horizon, the crowd’s haunting chant began to rise. The chant turned to a song as prayer leaders lit pint-sized effigies. Those so inclined set their prayers afloat in small leaf boats crewed by a diya candle and pulled orange flower petals, sweeping down the river like an armada of little green galleons glowing by the golden light of their own waxed-wicks and the growing riverside effigies.

We sat in awe, a state of total sensual immersion, as the crowd’s staccato song swelled to a fervor and our thousand companions raised their hands in one simultaneous motion. Trying our hardest to draw some bit of understanding from the proceedings, we focused on the prayer leaders now waving the effigies (raging pyres at this point), through the air. Those close to the flames, mostly Sadhus, seemed particularly taken by a spiritual fever, bobbing and weaving their painted heads and undulating in their faded orange cloaks while the tune chased the floating diyas down the river.

Even if I couldn’t understand the Aarti’s cultural significance, I did understand one thing. For those few fleeting moments, I was in India. Not the ‘India’ in which I live and work every day, that India is a world of contradiction; a place wherein ultra-modern shopping malls, ostensibly plucked from some futuristic post-apocalyptic gun-metal world (see: Blade Runner, The Fifth Element, Judge Dredd) lord incongruously over shanty communities where corrugated tin-metal and blue plastic tarps are the crude building blocks of necessity, and emaciated goats and dogs kick dust into the air as they scamper from one side of the rutted road to the other.

This farcically fitting manifestation of the conflict between tradition and progress is as confounding as it is thought provoking, if for no other reason than it exemplifies the India of today; the hottest gadgets and designer clothes, the food courts and shopping malls; all the trappings of self-indulgent ‘modern society’ mashed right up against impoverished dust-streaked shack villages (which, coincidentally, house most of those who work to build these towering modern monstrosities). A more fitting microcosm of ‘have’ and ‘have not’ was never conceived.

As I sat beside the river that night in Haridwar, swaying with the music, watching the Ganges flow past, mesmerized by the furtive flicker and dance of the candles’ river reflection it occurred to me, just like it had during my few moments under the waterfall in Rishikesh, that everything fit. It wasn’t Gurgaon, the proverbial monkey in a tuxedo, it wasn’t Delhi, whose cup runneth over with upscale development projects (to complete the metaphor; a veritable beanie toting gorilla). No, this was pure India; spiritual, color-splashed, congested, and all unabashedly so. There were no liquor billboards to blot out the sky, no glass and steel atrocities to spoil the aesthetic, and scant reminder that the Western world even existed. It was India in its purest form, and the pleasure of our introduction was all mine.

The third leg of our tour took us to Nainital, a peaceful lakeside village about 10 hours to the northeast of Delhi. The community both ends of a small mountain lake (probably a mile square), encircled by forested slopes, rising gently toward a lightly clouded blue sky. The lake reflects the trees’ deep green hue, as colorful animalian paddle boats and elongated row boats pepper its surface. The first thing one notices upon arriving to Nainital, is that it’s almost like leaving India. This is exemplified most evidently by the distinct lack of trash covering its streets, the proper maintenance granted to buildings, and most importantly by the absence of our favorite human snakes: autorickshaw drivers.

You can get a cycle rickshaw from one end of Naini Lake to the other for five Rupees (at this juncture, one US Dollar is roughly 39 Rupees), and the price is set, so there is little opportunity to deploy the typical arsenal of shenanigans. Also, the idea of municipal maintenance is conspicuously present among the local government’s tome of values in Nainital. Attention is paid to roads, public structures are properly attended to, and there are no piles of rubble obstructing traffic, randomly placed road blocks, or cows daring drivers to go for the t-bone (both the crash and the steak). All of this is strange for me because finding new and creative ways to block traffic and infuriate the citizenry seems to be the public service that the powers-that-be in Delhi are best at providing. Then again, maybe the stark contrast between Nainital and Delhi shouldn’t surprise me; one has to question the fitness of mind of any supposedly-rational assembly of elected officials that unleashes hordes of ferocious large monkeys upon its own constituent in order to wage a war of extermination upon other smaller monkeys.

Back to Nainital. The citizens here have a cumulative literacy rate of 80%: leaps and bounds beyond the Indian national average of 61%. This is a result of the area’s history as a cool air retreat for British colonial officers during the 1800s, which paved the way for the establishment of a number of English boarding schools in the hills above the lake, many of which are still in continuous use today. The general adherence to Western norms of cleanliness and order is, in my mind, a direct result of the continued presence of these institutions.

We spent most of our first day there trying to find a decent hotel, not for a lack of quality options, but because our budgets were so absurdly tight that any room with both a bed and a roof was tragically beyond our means. Eventually we found a hotel that met our wallet standards and provided the requisite amenities, dropped our bags, and headed into town.

Our first destination was the lake. Nainital’s yacht club provides sail boat rentals for the low, low price of only 100 Rupees (~$2.50), a deal of which Elisabeth, eager to display her Dutch sailing prowess, promptly availed herself. Marcus and I found ourselves a rowboat (and a rower), also for 100 Rupees, and proceeded to effect the dawn of a new age of terror on the high seas. As Elisabeth swept in adroit little circles around the lake, we convinced our rower - a hardworking fellow to be sure - to take a moment of rest while the two of us took charge of propulsion responsibilities. This was a mistake on his part. What happened next will be remembered for generations to come in Nainital. A simple mention of ‘The Incident’ will be sure to induce seizures, fits of vomiting, instantaneous permanent dementia, and a nagging feeling of discomfort in the sciatic nerve.

The battle was epic. The beast: vicious, atrocious, ferocious, and many other kinds of –cious, but by the time it was all over, they were scraping his exploded remains from the four disparate corners of the lake with the duckbill end of my splintered oars. Humans- 1; Rancorous Beast from the Depths- 0. That day, structures were razed, children went missing, and animals of every shape and size were violated in the all the worst ways. But in the end, justice went unserved, the virtuous beast was vanquished, and I went on flipping boats, dunking young children, and generally making a mess of polite lake society.

There wasn’t time for much else in Nainital, as the thick fog that had blanketed the surrounding hills hit the runway, headed for the skies, then did a swift U-turn and dumped laser-guided buckets of rain on the unsuspecting citizenry, who promptly headed for shelter and then pointed and laughed as we foreigners floundered in the downpour like fish out of water, frantically searching for a roof under which to cower. Eventually we found our way into a cycle rickshaw, whose driver we managed to convince to ferry us from one of the lake to the other along the half submerged lakeside avenue, him paddling and us on the rudder all the way back to the hotel.

The next day on the bus ride back to Delhi, as I mentally rehashed all the things I’d seen and done during the previous four days’ whirlwind tour, it occurred to me that this travel experience, while trying at times (as they all are), provided me with evidence that India is not defined by its capital city: it’s head, if you will. The body is magnificent both naturally and culturally; it is indeed a joy to explore, and it hit me that the opportunity to have more incredible experiences was staring me in the face. My time spent in the steaming squalor of New Delhi had blinded me to that fact, but having seen a bit of what the “real” India was like, I was resolved to give it another chance. In retrospect, I realize now that this little trip was the single crucial factor in my decision to stay here beyond the abrupt and acrimonious termination of my internship.

The next month and a half of my life was marked by daily five to six hour marathons spent in an internet hole (cafe would be too generous a noun) near my flat, engaged in an internet job search between consequential periods of time wasting. I eventually found a position as a content writer at a firm that sells investment land in the London area to Indians and other internationals, which inexplicably transferred me into the sales department after about a month with the company (although I was un unbridled failure as a content writer, my insipid personality and horror-movie-zombie looks availed me of an opportunity to move elsewhere in the company), and soon after I was managing a team of sales people.

Don’t ask me how or why any of this happened, at the moment I’m feeling a bit of altitude sickness, although it’s less that typical queasy sensation as it is a distinct insecurity with the way job roles are assigned and defined in the so-called professional sector. For the time being let’s ignore the elephant in the room: my outstanding whiteness, and say that my rapid upward progression through the ranks of this company has had more to do with my deep understanding of business principals, my foresight into the hearts and minds of men, and my fantastic ability to leap tall buildings in a single bound than it does with any melanin-related factors.

Anyway most of what I find myself intimately involved with during the day is data-management focused, which I suppose sounds about as exciting as six years of solitary confinement, but it’s not nearly that bad; maybe two or three years, but certainly not six. No, in reality I have a lot of responsibility, and as a young professional there is not much more that you could ask for.

Personally I’m staying active in the Delhi expatriate community, playing soccer at the US embassy on Thursdays with a group of internationals, and rugby on Saturdays near Nehru Stadium (the national cricket ground) with a bunch of people from the traditional lineup of white, English-speaking countries that tend to send a large constituent of their citizenry abroad (That’s England, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand).

Weeknights other than Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday there are enough things to do around this town to keep me busy with wasting time, time that I should be spending doing something productive (the upswing in my social activity in this town is inversely related to the time I spend on this journal, hence the three month gestation period that this journal has experienced). While the trip through the north gave me a reason to give this place another chance, this new social pre-occupation, along with a modestly increased salary have contributed greatly to my sustained interest in remaining here through my visa’s listed validity (June of ’08).

A word on the expat night life here in Delhi: Between the embassy workers, company transplants, travelers, and non-resident Indians (NRIs) who come through this town, every single country in the world is likely be represented. You do end up with some strange mixes of people, in my own flat, where we have three South Koreans, a Dutch, a German, a Turk, an Indonesian, a Malaysian, a Dane, and an American (hey, that’s me), but also just about anywhere you go. One of my best friends is Iraqi, born and raised in Baghdad, but studying here in Delhi. There seem to be a great number of Scandinavians here, especially Swedes, and quite a few Dutch people, which makes for a fun contest of who can be more awkward and white. Not to malign these fine people, I’m nothing in this country if not both awkward and white, but it seems to me that both the Dutch and Swedish send a proportionally large contingent to the Indian sub-continent, at least the Delhi region, and I do wonder why.

A derivative line of thinking leads me to question why it is that there are so many expats involved in the night life here, and I think it has to do with the fact that many of us are planted here, often alone in a flat, and if one doesn’t get out and meet some people, one ends up going crazy trying to understand all the little things that make India, India. You have to have someone to talk about the crazy thing you see in the street, be it a pair of dogs fighting a cow, or a pair of dogs fighting a pack of elephants, most Indians (those, for example, with whom one would be in the office) just don’t understand how completely shocking that type of thing is anywhere in the world except India. Tell an Indian about the fights and he’ll ask “Who won?”

So in effect, getting out and meeting fellow expats, be they North American, South American, African, European, non-Indian Asian, Australian, or Antartican, is in a very unique way cathartic, and therefore necessary to sustain a six month, one year, or (gasp!) longer stationing here in India. That being said, once you get in with this group, you’ll have something to do, and someone to meet just about any time you want here in New Delhi.

Still, life is not all bonbons and bourbon. There are still days where all I want to do is pack my backpack and head home, but as before they are becoming less and less common as the days pass. Not that I want to go home less, but days in which all I want to do is escape the stench, the con-men, the trash, the poverty and the rest of the challenges of India are more rare. Still, I know that there are too many experiences I have yet to know to leave so soon. Plus it’s as cold as a polar bear’s nose back home, and I’ve never been one to seek frostbite.

Then again, it’s quite cold here too (in the 40’s at night, 50’s during the day) and without the aid of central heating, being limited to the open wind-tunnel carriage of autorickshaws for transportation purposes, and finally the fact that my warm clothing ration is limited to one sweatshirt, one long sleeve t-shirt, one pair of cargo pants, and one pair of jeans with a 10 inch rip down the middle, I’m not exactly dutifully prepared for the cold. My hat is warm though, so that’ll have to do for now.

I’ll be on holiday in Goa, India’s beach capital from the 24th of December until the 5th of January, so don’t expect too much from me in terms of responses between those dates, as I don’t know much about the availability of internet access there. Thanks for making it to the end, and we’ll close with a big welcome for the new coach of The University of Michigan football team: Rich Rodriguez, to go alongside a fond farewell to one of the people I respect most in this world: incumbent coach Lloyd Carr.

In coming installments: Return to Nainital, Pushkar Camel Fair Prize Winners, Corruption and Bribes in Action, Agra and The Ghost City, and details from Goa.

Looking forward to your responses,

Adam